The Heinrich Böll Foundation fosters transatlantic and global dialogue on green policy issues and ideas. We work to strengthen democracy and human rights, promote gender equality and social justice, and preserve a habitable planet.

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Phalanx of defence pacts? Mapping bilateral defence partnerships in Europe

Böll EU Brief
Europe’s defence map is being redrawn. Our new Böll EU Brief tracks over 160 defence partnerships signed since 2014 among EU countries, the UK and Ukraine – most of them after Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Bilateralism boosts trust, interoperability and procurement speed, but also risks duplication and fragmentation. To turn this patchwork into strategy, the EU and NATO should map and integrate these deals into joint planning, strengthen the European Defence Agency’s role, and use bilaterals to offset declining US support.  
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